Counterhegemony presupposes the ability to resist. Rather than accept the assumption that suggests all opposition will be co-opted, hegemony is not a total system. There are and will be pockets, spaces, and fissures spread throughout the hegemonic landscape through which it will be possible to resist. The Zapatista uprising is a perfect example of the ability for resistance to emerge in the face of seemingly insurmountable odds. For this typology, counterhegemonic forces are represented by pro-Zapatista resistance movements including the base of indigenous support in the Chiapas, Mexican "civil society", and activist groups in Latin American, the United States, Europe, and other parts of the world.
The pro-Zapatista application to information warfare, netwar and cyberwar, means there is both offensive counterhegemonic netwar and defensive counterhegemonic netwar, as well as offensive counterhegemonic cyberwar and defensive counterhegemonic cyberwar.