Through its development and application since first introduced by Gramsci, the concept of hegemony has taken on many meanings. For the purpose of looking at information warfare within a Mexican context, hegemonic forces are synonymous with anti-Zapatista elements: the Mexican government, the military, federal police, landholders, the private sector (including U.S. corporate and financial investors), the military intelligence community, and the hegemonic forces represented by the ideological purveyors of the neoliberal project.
The anti-Zapatista application to information warfare, netwar and cyberwar, means there is both offensive hegomonic netwar and defensive hegemonic netwar, as well as offensive hegemonic cyberwar and defensive hegemonic cyberwar.