DOMINANT OFFENSIVE CYBERWAR

The technowar characteristics of Operation Desert Storm in 1990 and 1991 exemplify the modern cyberwar capabilities of hegemonic forces. Later, during the first days of the Chiapas conflict, UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters with satellite guidance systems linked to GPS - global positioning systems - were deployed (Lumsdaine, 1995) in conjunction with remote sensing satellites overhead to map and monitor ground activity. (Fernandez, 1996; Anon, 1996).

Military doctrine in this area is evolving quickly as information technologies become completely integrated. Concepts such as "soldiers as sensors" and "the network army" on the "automated battlefield" are emerging from these new adaptations. (Nichiporuk, 1995) Pilot's assistants, incorporating advanced artificial intelligence, use jet pilot's eye movements to control aspects of the plane, including its weaponry.

In Latin America, much of the infrastructure for cyberwar activity has been constructed as the Drug Enforcement Agency has steadily moved into the region and built its systems of radar and satellites. This technology aids in implementing low intensity warfare doctrine.

Hegemonic forces have excellent capability in cyberwar, both internationally and domestically. This technology arises from Cold War nuclear capability and from the Star Wars programs that furthered the integration of computers and communication technology and weaponry. Domestic applications include using overhead infrared surveillance in northern California's Campaign Against Marijuana Production (CAMP).